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where ads is the extinction coefficient of adsorbed sensitizer, T is the surface concentration of the adsorbate (in mol/cm2 of the physical surface area) and r is the roughness factor of the electrode. The latter is defined as the ratio of physical to geometrical surface areas (polycrystalline materials, such as semiconducting oxides may achieve the r values of about 102-103). The extinction coefficient, eads, can be approximated by the usual extinction coefficient of the solution, e (in cm2/mol). For a typical monomolecular coverage, T 10"1() mol/cm2, an electrode roughness factor r = 1000 and an extinction coefficient e a d s = 107cm2/mol, the light-harvesting efficiency is, in comparison to the preceding case, very high, cpL = 90 per cent. Moreover, the adsorbed sensitizer is in intimate contact with the semiconductor surface, hence the conditions for charge injection from S* into the semiconductor are almost ideal (c^ >100 per cent). The most successful sensitizers so far tested are complexes of Ru(II) with various derivatives of 2,2' bipyridine, e.g. 2,2'-bipyridine 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (L). The Ru(II)L3 complex is adsorbed from an aqueous solution of suitable pH value to oxidic semiconductors via electrostatic bonds between COO~ groups of the ligands and the positively charged (protonized) semiconductor surface. The sensitization of n-TiO2 by RuL3 was studied in detail by M. Gratzel et al. The photoelectrochemical reaction is initiated by an electron injection into the conduction band of TiO2: *Ru(II)L3-> Ru(III)L3 + ec-b(TiO2) (5.10.32)

The document focuses on requirements and the scope of important capabilities required to support grid systems and applications in both e-science and ebusiness. The capabilities described are execution management, data, resource management, security, self-management, and information. The description of the capabilities is at a high level and includes, to some extent, the interrelationships between the capabilities.

The standard redox potential of Ru(III)L 3 /Ru(II)L 3 equals 1.56 V( protonated form). Even energetically highly demanding processes, such as

dissociation were obtained, and light-controlled release of model compounds loaded in the micelles was also demonstrated (Lee et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2006, 2005). To achieve more straightforward destabilization of BCP micelles upon illumination, the hydrophobic block can be designed to bring a chromophore as pendant groups, whose photoreaction such as photocleavage (Jiang et al., 2006, 2005) and isomerization (Lee et al., 2007) simply transforms the hydrophobic block to a hydrophilic one. This obviously leads to the dissociation of BCP micelles since the amphiphilicity required for the micellar association is gone. The same strategy has also been extended by Zhang s group to amphiphiles composed of a polymer and a photosensitive chromophore to make photodissociable vesicles (Jiang et al., 2007). In principle, azobenzene moieties can also be incorporated into the structure of the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic BCPs. Synthetically speaking, it may be more dif cult, but it is feasible by using, for example, azobenzene-containing polyelectrolytes as the hydrophilic block. However, if the trans cis photoisomerization under UV light irradiation results in an increase in dipole moment of azobenzene, the increased polarity of the hydrophilic block obviously cannot destabilize the micelles. Using appropriate substitution patterns for azobenzene, the trans cis isomerization can lead to a decrease in dipole moment of azobenzene. The resulting decrease in polarity of the hydrophilic block can eventually shift the hydrophilic hydrophobic balance in the direction unfavorable for BCP micelles. This may result in either morphological changes of the micellar aggregates or simply precipitation of the polymer if the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic block can no longer ensure the solubility or the stability of the aggregates. Clearly, in the context of polymer nanocarriers for controlled delivery applications, it would be less interesting to use hydrophilic blocks carrying azobenzene moieties.

406 oxidation of water to oxygen (E{)= 1.229V) and bromide to Br2 (Eo = 1.0873 V) are thermodynamically possible. Two reactions deserve special attention, since they enable the construction of highly efficient regenerative cells 2Ru(III)U- + 21" -> 2Ru(II)U- 4-I2, 2Ru(III)U- + 2Br"-* 2Ru(II)L^" 4- Br2, IPCE (450 nm) - 70% IPCE (450 nm) - 55%

micelle polymer complexes, an interesting rational design of azobenzene groups has been proposed by Hatton and coworkers (Shang et al, 2006) Azo-containing amphiphiles have been shown to display optimal photoresponsive self-association when their spontaneous curvature is strongly modi ed by the transconformation, which is achieved by having the azo moieties in the middle of the hydrophobic tail Maximizing the photovariation of the energy of association of isolated chromophores would mostly enlarge the window of polymer compositions (range of loop lengths) that can form responsive complexes with surfactants There are however practical limitations to the theoretical responses that can be achieved First, in the common case of random copolymers, the random distribution of the chromophores leads to important uctuations of the minimum distance between successive azobenzenes (ie, the minimum loop length).

The OGSA WSRF Basic Profile 1.0 is an OGSA Recommended Profile as Proposed. This profile describes uses of widely accepted specifications that have been found to enable interoperability. The specifications considered in this profile are specifically those associated with the addressing, modeling, and management of state: WS-Addressing, WS-ResourceProperties, WSResourceLifetime, WS-BaseNotification, and WS-BaseFaults.

The best parameters of the I~/I2 cell were achieved by using a non-aqueous electrolyte and the anatase electrode of nanometer-sized particles, sensitized with Rul^ju - (NC)Ru(CN)(bpy)2)2. In 1991, B. O'Regan and M. Gratzel described a cell attaining parameters competitive to commercial, solid-state photovoltaic devices. 5.10.6 Photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion The solar spectrum corresponds roughly to the radiation of a black body at the temperature 5750 K. If we denote the photon flux in the wavelength interval from A to (A + dA) (in photons/m2 s) as /(A), the total solar power flux (in W/m2) is given as: Ps = hc\ /(A)dA (5.10.33)